Authors: Raderschall, Chloé; Lundin, Ola;Lindström, Sandra A.M.;Gagic, Vesna;Bommarco, Riccardo;

Agricultural intensification has led to homogenous landscapes characterised by vast fields of monocultures of few high-yielding crops grown in short rotations. The lack of diverse food and habitat resources in these landscapes has contributed to a stark decline of biodiversity. Here we assessed the potential for diversified farming systems at multiple spatial scales to promote pollinators, natural enemies of pests and the ecosystem services they provide. At landscape scale, we found that higher crop diversity (i.e. increasing the number and evenness of crop types grown) promoted bumblebee densities. Carabid beetle species richness was higher in landscapes with high crop diversity in the previous year, suggesting positive legacy effects of crop diversity on carabid beetles. At field scale, annual flower strips supported spiders in adjacent arable fields. Adding flower strips also promoted bumblebee queen abundance in the landscape in the subsequent spring, yet this positive legacy effect of flower strips was diminished in landscapes with added honeybee hives. We argue that these diversification strategies are valuable management approaches in providing more resources for wild biodiversity. Legacy effects of diversification strategies remain rarely considered, yet are crucial in understanding effects on biodiversity conservation, population growth, ecosystem functioning and crop production over time.