Authors: Marini, Lorenzo; Lami, Francesco;

Interventions to support ecosystem services across agricultural landscapes often require the introduction of novel habitats (e.g. hedgerows, flower strips) across an existing mosaic of different habitats. Hence, understanding how species use resources across landscapes is essential for the design of effective management strategies. Despite recent advances in theoretical network ecology, there is still a gap between theory and applied ecological science. We propose adapting existing bipartite network tools to create species˗habitat networks that explicitly evaluate the associations between species and habitat resources. This approach can describe not only single habitat and species roles across the landscape, but also emerging properties of whole habitat networks. The versatility, visualization tools, and easy interpretation of species-habitat networks enable its application to a wide range of applied conservation issues. Here, we exemplify the application of this framework by sampling pollinator and natural enemy communities in all major habitat types occurring across multiple agricultural landscapes and use species-habitat networks to determine how habitat specialization changed along gradients in landscape structure